Qeyri-müəyyən qərara qarşı etiraz: son tarixlər və prosedur

If a Dutch court has ruled against you because you did not appear, you can usually still put your side forward by lodging opposition (verzet) within four weeks, or eight weeks if you have no known residence in the Netherlands (Article 143 of the Dutch Code of Civil Procedure, Rv). The main exception: if the court declared the judgment provisionally enforceable, the other party may still enforce it while your opposition is pending.

This article explains what a default judgment (verstekvonnis) is, how you can repair a default before judgment, how opposition works and which periods apply. It also explains why opposition is not available in application proceedings.

Çağırış vərəqəsinə cavab verməsəniz nə baş verir?

If you do not appear on the date stated in the writ of summons (dagvaarding), the court normally grants default (verstek) against you. Under Article 139 Rv it does so if the summons was served correctly, and it then awards the claim unless the claim seems unlawful or unfounded.

Appearing is not the only requirement: as a defendant you must also pay the court fee (griffierecht) on time, or the court can treat you as not having appeared. Claims up to €25,000 go to the subdistrict court (kantonrechter), where you may appear yourself; above that amount the district court (rechtbank) decides and you must be represented by a lawyer.

Məhkəmə qərarı verilməmişdən əvvəl səhvi düzəldə bilərsinizmi?

Yes. As long as the court has not given the default judgment, you can repair the default (verstek zuiveren) by appearing after all and paying the court fee.

There is usually some time between the day default is granted and the day judgment is given. If you repair the default in that window, the case continues as an ordinary defended case, which is often the quickest and cheapest way to put your defence forward.

Qeyri-müəyyən qərara qarşı necə etiraz bildirirsiniz?

Siz məhkəmə icraçısının (gerechtsdeurwaarder) iddiaçıya etiraz vərəqəsi (verzetdagvaarding) təqdim etməsini təmin etməklə etiraz bildirirsiniz. Bu, işə ilkin qərarı çıxaran eyni məhkəmədə yenidən baxılmasına səbəb olur.

The writ of opposition counts as your statement of defence under Article 147 Rv, so it must set out all your defences against the claim and meet the formal requirements of a writ of summons. Before the district court a lawyer must draft it; before the subdistrict court you may act yourself, but the same formal requirements apply.

The case then continues as if you had defended yourself from the start. The claimant responds to your defences, and the court reassesses the whole dispute and can confirm, amend or set aside the default judgment.

Hansı müddət ərzində etiraz bildirməlisiniz?

Under Article 143 Rv the period is four weeks. If you have no known residence or actual place of abode in the Netherlands, it is eight weeks.

The period starts at the first of three moments: the default judgment is served on you in person by a bailiff; you do something from which it follows that you know about the judgment or the start of enforcement, such as paying part of the amount; or the judgment has been enforced, as described in Article 144 Rv, for example after an attachment of your bank account has led to payment.

The court checks on its own initiative whether opposition was lodged in time. Do not wait for formal service if you already know about the judgment through another route. The full text of the Code of Civil Procedure is available on wetten.overheid.nl.

Müxalifət qərarın icrasını dayandırırmı?

Only if the judgment was not declared provisionally enforceable (uitvoerbaar bij voorraad), under Article 145 Rv. Claimants usually ask for provisional enforceability, so in most default cases opposition does not stop enforcement.

The claimant may then enforce directly, for example by having a bailiff attach your bank account or salary, even while your opposition is pending. To stop enforcement in the meantime you need separate summary proceedings (kort geding) against enforcement, which courts only grant in exceptional circumstances.

Bəs müxalifət üçün müddəti qaçırsanız nə olar?

If you do not lodge opposition within four or eight weeks, you can no longer put your defence forward in that case, and the claimant can enforce the judgment.

Whether another remedy is still open depends on how and when the judgment was served; personal service is required to start the period that way. Get advice as soon as you receive the judgment or notice any enforcement step by a bailiff.

Ərizə icraatında etiraz edə bilərsinizmi?

No. Opposition only exists in proceedings started by a writ of summons; in application proceedings (verzoekschriftprocedure) the court does not give default judgments.

Application proceedings start with a petition to the court, which sends a copy to interested parties and gives them the chance to respond. If you do not respond, the court can still decide, and an unopposed petition is often granted. Your remedy is then an appeal (hoger beroep) to the court of appeal (gerechtshof), under Article 358 Rv generally within three months, though shorter periods apply in some case types.

Bu praktikada necə işləyir?

An example to illustrate: a consumer who moved abroad does not receive the writ of summons in time and first learns of the judgment when a bailiff attaches his Dutch bank account. The eight-week period can then run from that act of enforcement, leaving little time to act.

Təqsirləndirilən şəxs kimi nəyi yoxlamalısınız?

• The date of the judgment and how and when it was served on you.
• Whether you live in the Netherlands, which decides between four and eight weeks.
• Whether the judgment was declared provisionally enforceable.
• Which court gave the judgment and whether you need a lawyer there.
• Which documents prove your defence, such as the contract, invoices and correspondence.

İddiaçı olaraq nəyi yoxlamalısınız?

• That the summons was served correctly, because otherwise no default is granted.
• Whether you asked for provisional enforceability.
• That the default judgment is served on the defendant in person where possible, so the opposition period starts.
• Whether a partial payment by the defendant counts as an act showing knowledge of the judgment.

What can we do for you with a default judgment?

We act for defendants and claimants in civil proceedings before the subdistrict court and the district court; more about our work is on our mülki hüquqşünas səhifə.

• We calculate the opposition period that applies to your judgment.
• We draft the writ of opposition with your full defence and have it served by a bailiff.
• We assess whether summary proceedings against enforcement are an option.
• We negotiate a payment arrangement with the claimant while the opposition is pending.
• We file an appeal in application proceedings within the deadline.

xülasə

• If you do not appear or do not pay the court fee, the court usually grants default and awards the claim (Article 139 Rv).
• Məhkəmə qərarı verilməzdən əvvəl, məhkəməyə müraciət edib rüsumu ödəməklə problemi həll edə bilərsiniz.
• Against a default judgment you can lodge opposition within four weeks, or eight weeks without a known residence in the Netherlands (Article 143 Rv).
• Opposition suspends enforcement only if the judgment is not provisionally enforceable (Article 145 Rv).
• Ərizə icraatında etiraz yoxdur; müdafiə vasitələri apelyasiya və kassasiyadır.

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